High Stakes Benefits and Risks of Nanotechnology

This is just a 4-minute video from Entrepreneur, but it points to a vista of breath-taking possibilities for nanotechnology. Our world is (physical) matter, and if nanotechnology can work at the molecular level, then arguably it can work at anything around us and make everything better.

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Alain Kaloyeros says nanotechnology is the "ultimate know-how" (hmm). It can make products lighter, more durable, cheaper, more energy-efficient, diversified, and more functional.

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The video above is breath-taking and inspiring.  But it should make us pause, reflect, and think things through very hard.  Why?

Albert Einstein's famous equation E = mc² tells us even very small matter (m) can produce phenomenal energy, because it's multiplied by an enormous constant:  The speed of light (c) is approximately 186,282.4 miles a second (671 million miles an hour), then square this already big figure (c²)!  

But, you see, matter doesn't just produce this degree of energy, unless you do something to it. What do you do?  You can smash particles together via fusion, that is, colliding them at high-high speeds; or you can break them apart via fission. The amount of energy produced from these processes is calculated by E = mc².

You may know, then, that in WWII the US built the atomic bomb, based on Einstein's theory and equation, and dropped a human tragedy of an extraordinary order on Japan.

In the summer of 1939 Albert Einstein was on holiday in a small resort town on the tip of Long Island. His peaceful summer, however, was about to be shattered by a visit from an old friend and colleague from his years in Berlin. The visitor was the physicist Leo Szilard. He had come to tell Einstein that he feared the Nazis could soon be in possession of a terrible new weapon and that something had to be done.

Szilard believed that recent scientific breakthroughs meant it was now possible to convert mass into energy. And that this could be used to make a bomb. If this were to happen, it would be a terrible realisation of the law of nature Einstein had discovered some 34 years earlier.

September 1905 was Einstein's 'miracle year'. While working as a patents clerk in the Swiss capital Berne Einstein submitted a three-page supplement to his special theory of relativity, published earlier that year. In those pages he derived the most famous equation of all time; E = mc², energy is equal to mass multiplied by the speed of light squared.

The equation showed that mass and energy were related and that one could, in theory, be transformed into the other. But because the speed of light squared is such a huge number, it meant that even a small amount of mass could potentially be converted into a huge amount of energy. Ever since the discovery of radioactivity in the late 19th century, scientists had realised that the atomic nucleus could contain a large amount of energy. Einstein's revolutionary equation showed them, for the first time, just how much there was.

However, at the time Einstein doubted whether that energy could ever be released. By 1935 he was convinced it would never be practical. At the Winter Session of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Pittsburgh, he is quoted as telling journalists: "The likelihood of transforming matter into energy is something akin to shooting birds in the dark in a country where there are only a few birds."

The way I look at it: Nanotechnology may be a more advanced science than Einstein imagined, but it's based on the work that he and fellow physicists did at the molecular level (rf. quantum mechanics).

So I'm inspired by "The best way to predict the future is to invent it." I just hope that, with nanotechnology or other advancements, we don't end up destroying the future in an effort to invent it.

Thank you for reading, and let me know what you think!

Ron Villejo, PhD